The Lu Tusi Yamen (Lu Chieftain's Office) is located in Liancheng Town, Yongdeng County, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province. It is the largest and best-preserved Ming and Qing dynasty Tusi manor, consisting of the Yamen, Miaoyin Temple, and the Tusi Garden. Construction of the complex began in the third year of the Hongwu reign (1370), covering an area of 33,000 square meters. It was listed as a fourth batch of National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units in 1996. The main buildings are modeled after the mansions of princes in Beijing, built according to the Ministry of Works style, with "thirty-six courtyards and seventy-two gates," earning it the nickname "Little Forbidden City of the West." The central axis features the main hall, Yanxi Hall, and Ancestral Hall. Miaoyin Temple on the west side preserves Ming dynasty Buddhist murals and brick carvings. The complex was formed after Tuohuan, a member of the Yuan dynasty imperial family, surrendered in the third year of the Hongwu reign and settled there. His grandson, Shijia, was granted the surname Lu for his meritorious service. The Lu Tusi system was hereditary, with 21 Tusi over 19 generations, governing approximately 9,000 square kilometers of the Gansu-Qinghai border for over 560 years. The existing buildings include an underground heating system and a complex drainage structure. During the reign of Emperor Jiaqing of the Qing Dynasty, the fifteenth-generation Tusi (chieftain) Lu Jixun renovated the yamen (government office), which included a main hall for hearing cases and the Tusi's living quarters.
The progenitor of the Liancheng Lu Tusi, Tuohuan, was a descendant of Genghis Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, and a great-grandnephew of Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty. He was a member of the Yuan imperial family, enfeoffed as the Prince of Anding and concurrently serving as a Grand Councilor. In 1368 (the 28th year of the Zhizheng era of the Yuan Dynasty), when Zhu Yuanzhang's army attacked Dadu (Beijing), Emperor Shun of Yuan fled. Tuohuan was unable to follow and wandered to Hexi. In 1370 (the 3rd year of the Hongwu era of the Ming Dynasty), Tuohuan surrendered to the Ming and was settled in Liancheng as the first Tusi. Because his wife, Lady Ma, had captured high-ranking officials, he governed Liancheng and built a seven-bay building. In 1412 (the 21st year of the Yongle era), because Tuohuan's grandson, the third-generation Tusi Shijia, had repeatedly distinguished himself in battle, he was promoted to Commander-in-Chief. Emperor Yongle bestowed upon Shijia the surname Lu and the name Lu Xian. The Lu Tusi (chieftain) system existed through the Ming, Qing, and Republican eras. From the first chieftain in 1370 to the abolition of the hereditary chieftain system in 1932, there were 21 chieftains across 19 generations. These chieftains held prominent positions and high ranks, with many rising to the rank of first-grade generals stationed in Northwest China due to their military achievements.
The Lu Tusi were of Mongolian ethnicity and practiced Tibetan Buddhism. They were a powerful local regime in Northwest China, possessing military, judicial, and religious authority, with the power of life and death, and commanding over a thousand local soldiers. The Liancheng Lu Tusi ruled Yongdeng and the surrounding areas for over 560 years, significantly influencing local politics, culture, and religious beliefs.