Heishui City, the ruins of the Black City from the Western Xia Dynasty, is located in the desert of Ejin Banner, Alxa League, Inner Mongolia. It is one of the best-preserved ancient cities along the ancient Silk Road and is now a national key cultural relics protection unit.
🏰 Where is it and what does it look like?
Heishui City, known as "Khara-Khoto" in Mongolian, meaning "Black City," is located in the desert on the north bank of the lower reaches of the Ejin River, about 25 kilometers southeast of Dalaihob Town, Ejin Banner. The existing ruins are from the Yuan Dynasty expansion. The city is rectangular, approximately 470 meters long from east to west and 384 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of over 180,000 square meters. The remaining city walls are nearly 10 meters high, and a distinctive stupa stands in the northwest corner.
📜 How did it come to be?
This city was first built during the Western Xia Dynasty, serving as the seat of the "Heishan Weifu Military Command," an important border fortress and agricultural and pastoral base. During the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan established the "Yijinai Road General Administration" here, expanding it into a transportation hub connecting the Hexi Corridor to the Mongolian Plateau. The prosperous scene mentioned in Marco Polo's Travels includes this place. After General Feng Sheng's western expedition in the early Ming Dynasty, the city was gradually abandoned and later buried by sand, only to be rediscovered in the early 20th century.
🔍 Why is it so famous? What truly astonished the world about Khara-Khoto was the large number of artifacts and documents unearthed there. In the early 20th century, Russian explorer Kozlov and others excavated more than 8,000 documents in Tangut, Chinese, and Tibetan languages, including the bilingual dictionary *Fan-Han He Shi Zhang Zhong Zhu*, hailed as the "key to unlocking the door to Tangut studies," as well as precious artifacts such as painted double-headed Buddhas and Yuan Dynasty paper money. Unfortunately, many of these artifacts were transported to Russia and are now housed in the Winter Palace and other museums. However, the Khara-Khoto ruins themselves still retain city walls, stupas, and mosque remains, showcasing the coexistence of diverse cultures in those days.